VFR General aviation flight operation[PDF]
Contents
Introduction
Duties of pilot-in-command
Flight operation
Aerodrome operating minima
The pilot-in-command shall not operate to or from an aerodrome using operating minima lower than those which may be established for that aerodrome by the state in which it is located (except specific approval).
Flight preparation
A flight shall not be commenced until the pilot-in-command is satisfied that:
- Aircraft is registered with the appropriate certificates (not applicable in IVAO)
- The instruments and equipment installed are appropriate taking into account the expected flight conditions
- Any necessary maintenance has been performed (not applicable in IVAO)
- The mass of the airplane and centre of gravity location are such that the flight can be conducted safely
- Any load carried is properly distributed and safely secured (not applicable in IVAO)
- The aeroplane operating limitations, contained in the flight manual, will not be exceeded.
Flight planning
Before starting a flight, the pilot-in-command shall be familiar with all available meteorological information appropriate to the intended flight.
Preparation for a flight away from the vicinity of the place of departure shall include:
- A study of available current weather reports and forecast
- The planning of an alternative course of action to provide for the eventuality that the flight cannot be completed as planned because of weather conditions.
Weather conditions using visual flight rules
Fuel and oil supply for VFR flights
When the flight is conducted in accordance with the visual flight rules, the amount of fuel to be carried must permit:
- For VFR flight during day time, the flight to the aerodrome of intended landing with an additional flight time for at least 30 minutes at normal cruising altitude
- For VFR flight during night time, the flight to the aerodrome of intended landing with an additional flight time for at least 45 minutes at normal cruising altitude
Subjects not applicable for IVAO
The regulation also takes into account subjects like:
- Re-fuelling with passengers on board
- Oxygen supply
- Passenger safety equipment
- Incapacitated flight crew members or passenger injury.
Large and turbojet aeroplanes
- Aircraft with a maximum certificated take-off weight exceeding 5700kg (M>5700kg)
- Aircraft equipped with one or more turbojet engines
Checklists
Checklists shall be used by flight crews during all phases of operations and in emergencies to ensure compliance with the operating procedures contained in the aircraft operating manual.
Take-off alternate aerodrome
A take-off alternate aerodrome shall be selected and specified in the flight plan if the weather conditions at the aerodrome of departure are at or below the applicable aerodrome operating minima or it would not be possible to return to the aerodrome of departure for other reasons. The take-off alternate aerodrome when required shall be located within the following distance from the aerodrome of departure:
- For aeroplanes having 2 engines, not more than a distance equivalent to a flight time of 1 hour at single-engine cruise speed
- For aeroplanes having 3 or more engines, not more than a distance equivalent to a flight time of 2 hours at one-engine inoperative cruise speed.
Aeroplane performance operating limitations
An aeroplane shall be operated in compliance with its certification approved documents and within the operating limitations prescribed by the certificating authority.
Aeroplane equipment
VFR flight
All aeroplanes when operating under VFR shall be equipped with means of measuring and/or displaying:
- Magnetic heading
- Pressure altitude
- Indicated airspeed
- Equipment displaying time in hours minutes and seconds
- Additional equipment which may be prescribed by local authority
Night VFR flight
All aeroplanes when operating under night VFR shall be equipped with means of measuring and/or displaying:
- Magnetic heading (standby compass)
- Pressure altitude
- Indicated airspeed with a means of preventing malfunctioning due to either condensation or icing
- Turn and slip
- Aircraft altitude
- Stabilized aircraft heading
- Supply of power to the gyroscopic instruments is adequate
- Outside air temperature
- Rate-of-climb and descent
- Equipment displaying time in hours minutes and seconds
- Additional equipment which may be prescribed by local authority
In addition to these requirements, aircraft with a maximum certificated take-off weight exceeding 5700kg or aircraft equipped with one or more turbojet engines shall be equipped with 2 independent altitude measuring and display systems.
In addition, an aeroplane shall be equipped with:
- The lights required in flight and on the movement area of an aerodrome
- A landing light
- Illumination for all flight instruments and equipment.
Ground proximity warning systems - GPWS
All turbine-engined aeroplanes with a maximum certificated take-off mass greater than 5700kg shall be equipped with a ground proximity warning system which has a forward looking terrain avoidance function.
Emergency power supply
Aeroplanes with a maximum certificated take-off mass of over 5700kg (after 1/1/1975), shall be fitted with an emergency power supply independent of the main electrical generating system, for the purpose of operating and illuminating for a minimum period of 30 minutes, an attitude indicating instrument (artificial horizon). This emergency power system shall be automatically operative after the total failure of the main electrical generating system.
Airborne collision avoidance system (ACAS)
Aeroplane communication and navigation equipment
Communication equipment
Navigation equipment
An aeroplane shall be provided with navigation equipment which will enable it to proceed:
- In accordance with the flight plan
- In accordance with the requirement of air traffic services
See also
- none
Reference
- none
Author
- VID 150259 - Author
- VID 531824 - Wiki integration
DATE OF SUBMISSION
- 08:17, 23 March 2022
COPYRIGHT
- This documentation is copyrighted as part of the intellectual property of the International Virtual Aviation Organisation.
DISCLAIMER
- The content of this documentation is intended for aviation simulation only and must not be used for real aviation operations.